# Spectra of large random trees

March, 2009
Report Number:
771
Authors:
Shankar Bhamidi, Steven N. Evans, & Arnab Sen
Abstract:

We analyze the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrices of a wide variety of random trees. Using general, broadly applicable arguments based on the interlacing inequalities for the eigenvalues of a principal submatrix of a Hermitian matrix and a suitable notion of local weak convergence for an ensemble of random trees that we call probability fringe convergence, we show that the empirical spectral distributions for each of a number of random tree models converge to a deterministic (model dependent) limit as the number of vertices goes to infinity. Moreover, the masses assigned by the empirical spectral distributions to individual points also converge in distribution to constants. We conclude for ensembles such as the linear preferential attachment models, random recursive trees, and the uniform random trees that the limiting spectral distribution has a set of atoms that is dense in the real line. We obtain precise asymptotics on the mass assigned to zero by the empirical spectral measures via the connection between the number of zero eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of a tree and the cardinality of a maximal matching on the tree. In particular, we employ a simplified version of an algorithm due to Karp and Sipser to construct maximal matchings and understand their properties. Moreover, we show that the total weight of a weighted matching is asymptotically equivalent to a constant multiple of the number of vertices when the edge weights are independent, identically distributed, non-negative random variables with finite expected value.

We greatly extend a celebrated result obtained by Schwenk for the uniform random trees by showing that if any ensemble converges in the probability fringe sense and a very mild further condition holds, then, with probability converging to one, the spectrum of a realization is shared by at least one other (non-isomorphic) tree.

For the the linear preferential attachment model with parameter $a > -1$, we show that for any fixed $k$ the $k$ largest eigenvalues jointly converge in distribution to a non-trivial limit when rescaled by $n^{1/2\gamma_a}$, where $\gamma_a = a+2$ is the Malthusian rate of growth parameter for an associated continuous time branching process.

PDF File: